Janne it would be very helpful to all of us if you could make it clear what are you own words and what you have cut and pasted from other web sites. So I will attempt to rewrite one of your recent posts for you to make it clear to others.

Well then you support Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory instead of the Standard Model.

In cosmology, the Steady State theory is a now-obsolete[1] expanding universe model alternative to the Big Bang theory of the universe and its origin.

Copied from Steady State Theory

In particle physics, force carriers are particles that give rise to forces between other particles.

Copied from Force carrier

Wave–particle duality is the fact that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves.

Copied from Wave duality

I'm not sure why you want to confuse particle physics with Universe models.

What? Do you Think I'm a Nobel laureate?
My Words means nothing. Your Words are frankly silly!
I have no idea of the level you guys have in education.
I give links to where science know today so you can figure it out yourself.
High school diploma is not enough to understand Universe models and particle physics.

Confusing particle physics with Universe models?
No. You do!

@Chris S.
Quiz Time. Who said this?
"If I could explain it to the average person, it wouldn't have been worth the Nobel prize."

My thoughts are that the energies we cannot perceive might come from the Man Himself. (God) Of course, this is just an assumption and not useful at all for the atheists among us. Cosmic essence (quintessence) is leaping to mind again..

Cosmic essence?
But thats even more complicated than dark energy theories.
And if it's emitted from man himself a very low energy.

My thoughts are that the energies we cannot perceive might come from the Man Himself. (God) Of course, this is just an assumption and not useful at all for the atheists among us. Cosmic essence (quintessence) is leaping to mind again..

Cosmic essence?
But thats even more complicated than dark energy theories.
And if it's emitted from man himself a very low energy.

I found a nice definition of Cosmic essence:

(in ancient and medieval philosophy) the fifth essence or element, ether, supposed to be the constituent matter of the heavenly bodies, the others being air, fire, earth, and water.

---

rOZZ
Music
Pictures

@Chris S.
Quiz Time. Who said this?
"If I could explain it to the average person, it wouldn't have been worth the Nobel prize."

It was Richard P Feyman. I'd heard it before but had to look up the author.

My education is certainly no more than A level at best, but I do have a Diploma in Teaching IT. Nobody was querying your academic ability, But it is difficult to follow your posts at times because of the way that you structure them.

The steady state theory is now generally old fashioned, and the pendulum theory of expansion and contraction cannot be proved. That leaves the big bang theory that comes from what we can observe i.e. that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed, in all directions. The problem with that one is that we can't explain what caused the big bang, we can only see it's aftermath.

We can detect the glow of cosmic microwave background radiation, and there is in physics quintessence

a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field. Postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe announced in 1998, rather than due to a true cosmological constant.

What everyone is looking for is a sort of "cosmic glue" which is thought to hold the galaxies together. But it nmay yet be an effect of gravity we don't yet understand. It is believed by some that the "Force" in Star Wars refers to what we now call Dark Energy.

Dark energy would be composed of anti-gravitons, opposing the elusive gravitons, hence the cosmological constant.

The field of quantum gravity should be studied more often in my opinion.

---

rOZZ
Music
Pictures

My thoughts are that the energies we cannot perceive might come from the Man Himself. (God) Of course, this is just an assumption and not useful at all for the atheists among us. Cosmic essence (quintessence) is leaping to mind again..

Cosmic essence?
But thats even more complicated than dark energy theories.
And if it's emitted from man himself a very low energy.

I found a nice definition of Cosmic essence:

(in ancient and medieval philosophy) the fifth essence or element, ether, supposed to be the constituent matter of the heavenly bodies, the others being air, fire, earth, and water.

Ether:) Einstein call it space-time fabric.
If you warp it you can make dark holes.
Perhaps even wormholes.
Yes the Greek philosophers was right.
There are no such thing as empty space in our universe:)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing

My thoughts are that the energies we cannot perceive might come from the Man Himself. (God) Of course, this is just an assumption and not useful at all for the atheists among us. Cosmic essence (quintessence) is leaping to mind again..

Cosmic essence?
But thats even more complicated than dark energy theories.
And if it's emitted from man himself a very low energy.

I found a nice definition of Cosmic essence:

(in ancient and medieval philosophy) the fifth essence or element, ether, supposed to be the constituent matter of the heavenly bodies, the others being air, fire, earth, and water.

Ether:) Einstein call it space-time fabric.
If you warp it you can make dark holes.
Perhaps even wormholes.
Yes the Greek philosophers was right.
There are no such thing as empty space in our universe:)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing

He did? So I was right after all in my lettre to Dr. Hawking!

The Special Relativity theory combined with Newton's Luminiferous aether (for instance) would give us more insight in this (not yet refuted) concept.

From Wikipedia:

James Clerk Maxwell said of the aether, "In several parts of this treatise an attempt has been made to explain electromagnetic phenomena by means of mechanical action transmitted from one body to another by means of a medium occupying the space between them. The undulatory theory of light also assumes the existence of a medium. We have now to show that the properties of the electromagnetic medium are identical with those of the luminiferous medium."

Best is to concentrate on the basic thinkers, in my opinion.

What I wonder is if the above would also shed more light on dark energy..

---

rOZZ
Music
Pictures

Dark energy would be composed of anti-gravitons, opposing the elusive gravitons, hence the cosmological constant.

The field of quantum gravity should be studied more often in my opinion.

Dark energy doesn't have anti-gravity properties.
Gravity is a force.
It however makes the universe (space-time fabric) to expand.

The Casimir effect shows that vaccum is not nothing and that the effect is propagated in something.
Plates with area 1 square centimetre placed 0.1 millimetre apart would feel a force equivalent to the weight of 10 raised to 16 grammes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

Horror Vacui.

Dark energy would be composed of anti-gravitons, opposing the elusive gravitons, hence the cosmological constant.

The field of quantum gravity should be studied more often in my opinion.

Dark energy doesn't have anti-gravity properties.
Gravity is a force.
It however makes the universe (space-time fabric) to expand.

The Casimir effect shows that vaccum is not nothing and that the effect is propagated in something.
Plates with area 1 square centimetre placed 0.1 millimetre apart would feel a force equivalent to the weight of 10 raised to 16 grammes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

Horror Vacui.

How do you know that Janne? What about the cosmological constant?

The main attraction of the cosmological constant term is that it significantly improves the agreement between theory and observation. The most spectacular example of this is the recent effort to measure how much the expansion of the universe has changed in the last few billion years. Generically, the gravitational pull exerted by the matter in the universe slows the expansion imparted by the Big Bang. Very recently it has become practical for astronomers to observe very bright rare stars called supernova in an effort to measure how much the universal expansion has slowed over the last few billion years. Surprisingly, the results of these observations indicate that the universal expansion is speeding up, or accelerating! While these results should be considered preliminary, they raise the possibility that the universe contains a bizarre form of matter or energy that is, in effect, gravitationally repulsive. The cosmological constant is an example of this type of energy. Much work remains to elucidate this mystery!

Source:

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_accel.html

Oddly enough, dark energy — for all the surprise around its discovery — is not an entirely new concept in physics. There is historical background for this idea, and it comes from the preeminent astronomer of the 20th century, Albert Einstein.
In 1917, Einstein was applying his new theory of general relativity to the structure of space and time. General relativity says that mass affects the shape of space and the flow of time. Gravity results because space is warped by mass. The greater the mass, the greater the warp.
But Einstein, like all scientists at that time, did not know that the universe was expanding. He found that his equations didn't quite work for a static universe, so he threw in a hypothetical repulsive force that would fix the problem by balancing things out, an extra part that he called the "cosmological constant."

Source:

http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-did_einstein_predict.php

What I think is the (hypothetical) anti-graviton is at the basis of the accelerated expansion of our universe and quite a few theories state the same on dark energy as well.


https://dougvanvenrooij.wordpress.com/2013/03/15/anti-gravitons-may-explain-dark-matter-dark-energy-and-the-universe-we-observe-today-2/

---

rOZZ
Music
Pictures

How do you know that Janne?

Simple answer. I don't:)
I don't even understand what energy is. Does anybody?

We know that energy and mass are interchangeable.
But they where created in a finite numbers.
How can the force of dark energy increase and make the universe expansion accelerating?
Anti-gravitons are also force carriers and when they meet a graviton they become "pure" energy.
There are not so much anti-matter in our universe anymore.

Make your mind up ...

How do you know that Janne? What about the cosmological constant?
Simple answer. I don't:)
I don't even understand what energy is. Does anybody?

Energy

Hmm. I suggest that you should read your own link.
It doesn't explain what energy is, only how it's behave.
In science it's called Thermodynamics.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium respectively with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.
Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.[2] With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the log of the multiplicity of the quantum ground states.

There is no description of what energy is.

The Michelson-Morley experiment (1887) has shown that aether does not exist. The Michelson-Morley interferometer used common light. Now the same experiment is made with laser light to detect gravitational waves.
Tullio

---

The Michelson-Morley experiment (1887) has shown that aether does not exist. The Michelson-Morley interferometer used common light. Now the same experiment is made with laser light to detect gravitational waves.
Tullio

It looks like semantics to me.
Einstein

To deny the aether is ultimately to assign that empty space has no physical qualities whatever.

You can measure empty space with a ruler and a watch.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether#Einstein.27s_views_on_the_aether

Empty space is not empty. According to Heisenberg, you can have the creation of a particle-antiparticle doublet which lasts a very short time. This is described by the quantum theory of fields, that Einstein ignored.
Tullio

---

Empty space is not empty. According to Heisenberg, you can have the creation of a particle-antiparticle doublet which lasts a very short time. This is described by the quantum theory of fields, that Einstein ignored.
Tullio

Virtual particles are no longer a theory. It's a fact demonstrated with the Casimir effect.
I don't think that Einstein ignored anything.
And for instance he didn't know that the universe expansion accelerates.

Carlo Rovelli, an Italian physicist working in Marseille on quantum loop gravity, made a list of Einstein's mistakes and the way he always corrected them. I have read Abraham Pais's biography of Einstein "Subtle is the Lord" and I agree with Rovelli.
Tullio

---

The key insight of quantum physics is that some quantities in nature come in multiples of discrete values, called quanta. This principle has successfully been applied to all of physics, except for gravity. This is the motivation for the search for quantum gravity.

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/string-theory-and-loop-quantum-gravity.html
Now also some scientists are proposing that time come in quantas.
What have time to do with gravity?
Well one thing is if time stands still gravity don't propagate.
But Black holes are propagating gravity.
This is very strange.

Empty space is not empty. According to Heisenberg, you can have the creation of a particle-antiparticle doublet which lasts a very short time. This is described by the quantum theory of fields, that Einstein ignored.
Tullio

I was pondering over how for instance the anti-graviton and graviton on a Planck scale do not annihilate when they interact whereas anti-matter and matter do annihilate instantaneously. This puts the safety of CERN in a whole new perspective in my opinion.

---

rOZZ
Music
Pictures

We know that energy and mass are interchangeable.
But they where created in a finite numbers.
Einstein said that at the speed of light mass becomes infinite and so does the energy required to move it, hence the speed limitation.

The (hypothetical) tachyons would have the ability to travel faster than the speed of light. They are the (hypothetical) keystone to quantum entanglement.

The next point to make is that while photons do not have mass, they do have momentum, and a change in momentum yields a force, so in actual fact light is able to physically interact with matter

Photons are transferors of light. What I wonder about is if they would possess energy of their own to be able to create or rather gain momentum.

---

rOZZ
Music
Pictures

I believe there is too much imagination in concepts such as tachyons. Physicists should remember what Isaac Newton said: "Hypotheses non fingo".
Tullio

---